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Description

Numeroustechniqueshavebeendevelopedtoprepareimmunoliposomesbasedonthenucleophilicreactivityoffreeaminegroupsofproteinsorpeptides.However,themostcommon,versatileandstraightforwardactivationchemistryforcreatingreactiveacylatingreagentsandlabelingpeptides/proteinsistoformNHSesterwithprimaryamines.AsinglestepnucleophilicsubstitutionreactionbetweenNHSesterderivativeandalphaaminesattheNterminalorthebetaaminesoflysinesidechainsleadstotheformationofastableamidebond.

N-Hydroxysuccinimide(NHS)estersofDSPE-PEG-NHSliposomesreactwiththeprimaryaminegroupsonthepeptides,proteins,antibodiesorotherfunctionalligandsfortargeteddrugdeliveryapplications.ThenucleophilicattackoftheaminegroupsontheNHS-activatedcarbonylgroupoftheDSPE-PEG-NHSresultsintheeliminationoftheNHSgroupandformationofamidelinkage.

ConjugationreactionbetweenNHS-activatedDSPE-PEGlipidwiththeaminegroupofligandandformationofstableamidelinkage.Themicellesformedfromlipidconjugatedligandandnon-reactivePEGlipidsaremixedtogetherandthePEGylatedlipidsarepost-insertedintotheliposomestoformPEGylatedligandsurfaceconjugatedliposomes.

ImmunoFluor™-NHSisaPEGylatedproduct.Forotheraminereactive(PEGylatedandnon-PEGyalated)productsandalsoImmunoFluor™productssuitableforothertypesofconjugationmethodsseehere.

DownloadProductInsertDownloadSafetyDatasheet(SDS)

FORMULATIONINFORMATION

ImmunoFluor™-NHS(PEGylated)(Post-insertion)

PostInsertionKit(3Vials)Specification
Vial1PreformedliposomescomposedofHSPC:Cholesterol:FluorescentLipid(59.5:40:0.5molarratio)
Vial2DSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSlipid(reactivePEGylatedlipid)inpowderform
Vial3DSPE-PEG(2000)lipid(non-reactivePEGylatedlipid)inpowderform
LipidCompositionforVial1*Concentration(mg/ml)Concentration(mM)MolarRatioPercentage
HydrogenatedSoyPC~11.5~14.66~60
Cholesterol3.839.940
FluorescentLipid(seebelow)VariesbasedonthedyeVariesbasedonthedyeVariesbasedonthedye
Total~15.33mg/ml~24.56mM100
*Forthe5-mlkit,thevolumeofvial1is4ml.1mlofmicellesolutionthatareformedusingvials2and3willbeaddedtothisvialtomakethefinalvolumeof5mlinthefinalproduct.Forthe2-mlkit,thevolumeofvial1is1.6ml.0.4mlofmicellesolutionthatisformedusingvials2and3willbeaddedtothisvialtomakethefinalvolumeof2mlinthefinalproduct.
FluorescentDyeExcitation/Emission(nm)MolecularStructure
1,1"-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3",3"-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate(DiI)549/565
3,3"-Dilinoleyloxacarbocyanineperchlorate(DiO)484/501
1,1"-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3",3"-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine,4-chlorobenzenesulfonatesalt(DiD)644/665
1,1"-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3",3"-tetramethylindotricarbocyanineiodide(DiR)750/780
4-(4-(Dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridiniumiodide(DiA)456/590
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxADIazol-4-yl)(ammoniumsalt)(NBDonheadgroup)460/535
1-Palmitoyl-2-{12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(NBDonfattyacidtail)460/534
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissaminerhodamineBsulfonyl)(ammoniumsalt)(Rhodaminelipid)560/583
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl)(ammoniumsalt)(Dansyllipid)336/513
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(1-pyrenesulfonyl)(ammoniumsalt)(Pyrenelipid)351/379
ReZolve-L1™350/500
IraZolve-L1™405/600
BufferandLiposomeSizeforVial1Specification
BufferPhosphateBufferedSaline
pH7.4
LiposomeSize100nm
Vial2*Specification
DSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSLipidThisvialcontainsreactiveDSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSlipidinpowderform.Thislipidisconjugatedtoareactiveprotein,peptideorligandcontainingamineandthenmixedwithnon-reactiveDSPE-PEG(2000)lipidinaqueoussolutiontoformmicelles.ThePEGylatedlipidmicellesareincubatedwithpreformedliposomesinvial1andPEGlipidswillpost-insertthemselvesintotheliposomes.
*TheamountofthepowderedPEG(2000)-NHSlipidforthe2-mlkitis1.34mgandforthe5-mlkitis3.34mg.
Vial3*Specification
DSPE-PEG(2000)LipidThisvialcontainsnon-reactiveDSPE-PEG(2000)lipidinpowderform.ThislipidinmixedwithDSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSlipidwhichisalreadyconjugatedtoaligand(protein,peptide,etc.)inaqueoussolutiontoformmicelles.ThePEGylatedlipidmicellesareincubatedwithpreformedliposomesinvial1andPEGlipidswillpost-insertthemselvesintotheliposomes.
*TheamountofthepowderedPEG(2000)-DSPElipidforthe2-mlkitis5mgandforthe5-mlkitis12.5mg.

ConjugationProtocol(Post-insertion)

MaterialsandEquipment

The3-vialpost-insertionkitcontainspreformedliposomes(vial1),non-reactivePEGylatedlipidinpowderform(vial2)andDSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSlipidinpowderform(vial3). Inordertousethepost-insertionkit,youwillneed:

  1. Laboratoryvortexmixerisrecommendedtohave.
  2. Laboratorymagneticstirrerisneededfordialysis.
  3. Twosmall10-mlroundbottomflasksortwosmallglassvials.
  4. Arotaryevaporator. Weunderstandthatmanylabsmightnothavearotovap.Alternatively,youcanuseanitrogentankconnectedtoathinhoseforcreatingastreamofnitrogenflowtodrythelipidandmakeathinfilm.
  5. Asmallamountofasolventsuchachloroformormethylenechloride(youwillonlyneedafewmilliliters).
  6. Phosphatebufferedsaline(PBS).
  7. ASonicator.Itisbettertohaveabathsonicator.Ifyoudonot,thatisfine.Youstillcanfollowtheprotocol.Youmayalsouseavortexinsteadofthesonicatorforagitationofthesolutionaswell.
  8. Float-A-Lyzer®withaproperMWCOthateasilyallowsthecleanupofyourliposomeconjugatedligandfromfreeandnon-conjugatedprotein,peptideorantibody.YouneedtomakesurethattheMWCOisbelow1,000,000dalton.At1,000,000daltontheporesizeonthedialysismembranegetscloseto100nmandtherefore,yourliposomescanbedialyzedout.Youcannotusedialysiscassettesblindly.Pleaseunderstandthetechniquebeforeusingeitherspincolumnordialysiscassette.IfyoudonotusethecorrectMWCO,youcanloseyourentireprep.Forthisprotocol,werecommendMWCOof300,000dalton.

PreparationMethod

  1. Dissolvethecontentofvial3in100µlofchloroformormethylenechloride.Transferthesolutiontoa10mlroundbottomflask.Drythechloroformusingarotaryevaporatororunderastreamofnitrogenandmakeadriedlipidfilm.
  2. Add100µlofPBSbuffertothedriedlipidfilm.Itispreferredtosonicatethehydratedlipidfilmusingabathsonicatorandsonicatethemicellesolutionfor5minutes.IfyoudonothaveabathsonicatorthenhydratethedriedlipidfilmwithPBSforatleast1hourandconstantlyrotatethesolutionintheroundbottomflaskusingarotavap(notconnectedtovacuum)orbyhandtomakesurethatallthedriedlipidonthewalloftheroundbottomflaskwillgotothesolutionandformmicelles.Alternatively,youcanuseavortextoagitatethesolution.Thegoalistohaveallthedriedlipidonthewalloftheroundbottomglasstogothemicellesolution.CoverthemouthoftheroundbottomflaskwithParafilm.Refrigeratethemicellesolutionofnon-reactivePEGlipidsuntilitisreadytobemixedwithmicellesformedinstep4.
  3. Thereis 1.34mg(0.22µmol)ofDSPE-PEG-NHSinthe2-mlpost-insertionkit.Dissolvethecontentofvial2in100µlofchloroformormethylenechloride.Transferthesolutiontoa10mlroundbottomflask.Drythechloroformusingarotaryevaporatororunderastreamofnitrogen.
  4. Addthewater-solubleprotein,peptideorligandat1:2molarratioofligandtodriedfilmofDSPE-PEG-NHS.Add300µlofwater-solublesolutionofproteinofligandinPBS(pH7.4)tothedriedlipidfilm.Itispreferredtosonicatethehydratedlipidfilmusingabathsonicatorandsonicatethemicellesolutionfor5minutes.IfyoudonothaveabathsonicatorthenhydratethedriedlipidfilmwithPBSforatleast1hourandconstantlyrotatethesolutionintheroundbottomflaskusingarotavap(notconnectedtovacuum)orbyhandtomakesurethatallthedriedlipidonthewalloftheroundbottomflaskwillgotothesolutionandformmicelles.Alternatively,youcanuseavortextoagitatethesolution.Thegoalistohaveallthedriedlipidonthewalloftheroundbottomglasstogothemicellesolution.Thesolutionisincubatedatroomtemperaturefor6hoursandinrefrigeratorfor24hours.ThereactionispHsensitive.Readthetechnicalnotebelowformoreinformation.
  5. Mixthemicellesinstep2tothemicellesinstep4.Thetotalvolumeofmicellesshouldbe400µl.
  6. Toconductpost-insertion,themicellardispersionisthenco-incubatedwithpreformedplainliposomesat60℃for30min.
  7. Removethenon-conjugatedprotein,peptideorantibodyfromtheimmunoliposomesbydialysis.Wepreferdialysistosizeexclusioncolumns.Dialysisisamuchslowerprocessbuttherewillbeminimumlossofimmunoliposomesaftertheprepiscleanedfromnon-conjugatedprotein/peptide/ligand.Spincolumnsaremuchfaster;however,youcaneasilyloseover50%oftheliposomesonthespincolumn.WerecommendusingFloat-A-Lyzer® dialysiscassettefromSpectrumLabs.YouwillneedtochooseacassettewithproperMWCOdependingontheMWofyourprotein,peptide,antibodyorantibodyfragment.NOTE:Ifyoudecidetouseadialysiscassette,youwillneedtomakesurethattheMWCOisbelow1,000,000dalton.At1,000,000dalton,theporesizeonthedialysismembranegetscloseto100nmandtherefore,yourliposomescanbedialyzedout.Youcannotusedialysiscassettesandspincolumnsblindly.Theycomeinvarioussizesandyouneedtochoosethecorrectsizewisely.Dialyzetheimmunoliposomesolutionin1literofPBSatpH7.4for8hours.Changethedialysisbufferwithafresh1literofPBSandletisdialyzeforanother8hours.Afterthisstep,yourcleanedupimmunoliposomeisreadytobeused.

LiposomeParticleCalculator

ImmunoFluor™liposomesareunilamellarandsizedto100nm.Themolarconcentrationofliposomeis24.56mM.Byhaving liposomediameter(nm)andlipidconcentration(µM),youcancalculatethetotalnumberofthelipidsinoneliposomeandthenumberoftheliposomesinonemilliliteroftheliposomesolution.Tousethecalculatorclick here.

TechnicalNotes

  • HydrolysisofDSPE-PEG-NHSinaqueoussolutionscompeteswiththeprimaryaminereaction,resultingintheeliminationoftheNHSgroup,whichcanconsequentlydecreasethecouplingyieldpriortothereactionwiththeprotein/antibody.InordertominimizetheimpactofthehydrolysisofNHSester,useahighconcentrationofprotein/antibodytoincreasetheefficiencyofthecross-linking.
  • ThereactionofNHSesterswithaminesisstronglypH-dependent:atlowpH,theaminogroupisprotonated,andnomodificationtakesplace.Athigher-than-optimalpH,hydrolysisofNHSesterisquick,andmodificationyielddiminishes.Thehalf-lifeofNHSestersatpH7and8is4-5hoursand1hour,respectively.WhilstNHSestershaveahalf-lifeofonly10minutesatpH8.6.Therefore,toavoidthehydrolysisofNHSester,DSPE-PEG-NHSlipidshouldbeusedimmediatelyforconjugationtoantibodies,proteinsorpeptidescontainingfreeamines.NHSesterreactionsareconductedincommonbuffersatpH7-8.
  • PrimaryaminebufferssuchasTrisshouldNOTbeusedbecausetheycompeteforreaction;however,insomeprocedures,itisusefultoaddTrisorglycinebufferattheendofaconjugationproceduretoquench(stop)thereaction.
  • Ifyouareusingaligandorpeptidethatishydrophobic,itisrecommendedtosolubilizeitinDMSOorDMFandthenaddthebuffertoit.Itisrecommendednottousemorethan5%volumeofDMSOorDMFinthesolution.DMFandDMSOarebothcompatIBLewithliposomesandtheyarealsomiscibleinwater.Otherorganicsolventsuchasethanolandchloroformarenotcompatiblewithliposomesandwillcausetheliposomestolyse.IfyouendupusingDMSOorDMFthenaftertheconjugationreactionisdone,youneedtoremoveDMSOandDMFfromtheliposomes.Inordertodothat,youneedtouseadialysiscassettethatismadefromREGENERATEDCELLULOSEMEMBRANE.NOTE:NotallmembranesarecompatiblewithDMFandDMSO.WerecommendusingaSlide-A-Lyzer™MINIDialysisDevicewithMWCOof2KmadefromregeneratedcellulosemembranemanufacturedbyThermofisher.AfterDMSOorDMFisremovedyoucanuseFloat-A-Lyzer®dialysisdeviceforthefinalstepofcleaninguptheprep.
  • Liposomesshouldbekeptat4°CandNEVERbefrozen.

Database

Directlinktothedatabasepageforeasynavigation:ImmunoliposomesConjugationDatabase

Appearance

ImmunoFluor™-NHS(PEGylated)post-insertionkitcomesinthreevials:vial1formulationiscoloredandthecolordependsonthetypeofthefluorescentdyethatisused.Itcontainsnanosizeunilamellarliposomeswhichdoesnotcontainanyreactiveofnon-reactivePEGylatedlipid. Usuallyduetothesmallsizeofliposomesnosettlingwilloccurinthebottomofthevial.Vial2containsreactiveDSPE-PEG(2000)-NHSlipidinwhitepowderform.Vial3containsnon-reactiveDSPE-PEG(2000)lipidinwhitepowderform.

Ordering/ShippingInformation

  • Allliposomebasedformulationsareshippedonblueiceat4°Cininsulatedpackagesusingovernightshippingorinternationalexpressshipping.
  • LiposomesshouldNEVERbefrozen.Icecrystalsthatisformedinthelipidmembranecanrupturethemembrane,changethesizeoftheliposomesandcausetheencapsulateddrugtoleakout.Liposomesinliquidformshouldalwaysbekeptintherefrigerator.
  • ClientswhoorderfromoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaareresponsiblefortheirgovernmentimporttaxesandcustomspaperwork.EncapsulaNanoSciencesisNOTresponsibleforimportationfeestocountriesoutsideoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
  • WestronglyencouragetheclientsinJapan,Korea,TaiwanandChinatoorderviaadistributor.Toughcustomsclearanceregulationsinthesecountrieswillcausedelayincustomclearanceoftheseperishableformulationsifordereddirectlythroughus.Distributorscaneasilyclearthepackagesfromcustoms.Toseethelistofthedistributorsclickhere.
  • ClientsorderingfromuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesinAustraliashouldkeepinmindthattheliposomeformulationsaremadefromsyntheticmaterialandtheformulationsdonotrequirea“permittoimportquarantinematerial”.LiposomesareNOTBIOLOGicalproducts.
  • Ifyouwouldlikeyourinstitute’sFedExorDHLaccounttobechargedforshipping,thenpleaseprovidetheaccountnumberatthetimeofordering.
  • EncapsulaNanoScienceshasnocontroloverdelaysduetoinclementweatherorcustomsclearancedelays.YouwillreceiveaFedExorDHLtrackingnumberonceyourorderisconfirmed.ContactFedExorDHLinadvanceandmakesurethatthepaperworkforcustomsisdoneontime. AllsubsequentshippinginquiriesshouldbedirectedtoFederalExpressorDHL.

StorageandShelfLife

Storage

ImmunoFluor™productsshouldalwaysbestoredatinthedarkat4°C,exceptwhenbroughttoroomtemperatureforbriefperiodspriortoanimaldosing.DONOTFREEZE.IfthesUSPensionisfrozen,theencapsulateddrugcanbereleasedfromtheliposomesthuslimitingitseffectiveness.Inaddition,thesizeoftheliposomeswillalsochangeuponfreezingandthawing.

ShelfLife

ImmunoFluor™-NHSismadeondailybasis.Thebatchthatisshippedismanufacturedonthesameday.Itisadvisedtousetheproductswithin2monthsofthemanufacturingdate.

Referencesandbackgroundreading

1.NaK,LeeSA,JungSH,HyunJ,ShinBC.Elastin-likepolypeptidemodifiedliposomesforenhancingcellularuptakeintotumorcells.ColloidsandSurfacesB:Biointerfaces.2012Mar1;91:130-6.

2.DaiW,FanY,ZhangH,WangX,ZhangQ,WangX.AcomprehensivestudyofiRGD-modifiedliposomeswithimprovedchemotherapeuticefficacyonB16melanoma.Drugdelivery.2015Jan2;22(1):10-20.

3.FerreiraDdosS,FariaSD,deAraújoLopesSC,TeixeiraCS,MalachiasA,Magalhães-PaniagoR,deSouzaFilhoJD,OliveiraBL,GuimarãesAR,CaravanP,FerreiraLA.Developmentofabone-targetedpH-sensitiveLiposomalformulationcontainingdoxorubicin:physicochemicalcharacterization,cytotoxicity,andbiodistributionevaluationinamousemodelofbonemetastasis.Internationaljournalofnanomedicine.2016;11:3737-51.

4.WangD,FuJ,ShiY,PengD,YuanL,HeB,DaiW,ZhangH,WangX,TianJ,ZhangQ.ThemodulationoftumorvesselpermeABIlitybythalidomideanditsimpactsondifferenttypesoftargeteddrugdeliverysystemsinasarcomamousemodel.JournalofControlledRelease.2016Sep28;238:186-96.

5.FeiW,ZhangY,HanS,TaoJ,ZhengH,WeiY,ZhuJ,LiF,WangX.RGDconjugatedliposome-hollowsilicahybridnanovehiclesfortargetedandcontrolleddeliveryofarsenictrioxideagainsthepaticcarcinoma.Internationaljournalofpharmaceutics.2017Mar15;519(1):250-62.

6.AbuchowskiA,KazoGM,VerhoestJrCR,VanEsT,KafkewitzD,NucciML,ViauAT,DavisFF.Cancertherapywithchemicallymodifiedenzymes.I.Antitumorpropertiesofpolyethyleneglycol-asparaginaseconjugates.Cancerbiochemistrybiophysics.1984Jun;7(2):175-86.

7. SartoreL,CalicetiP,SchiavonO,VeroneseFM.EnzymemodificationbyMPEGwithanaminoacidorpeptideasspacerarms.Appliedbiochemistryandbiotechnology.1991Jan1;27(1):45-54.

8. ShahinM,SoudyR,El-SikhryH,SeubertJM,KaurK,LavasanifarA.Engineeredpeptidesforthedevelopmentofactivelytumortargetedliposomalcarriersofdoxorubicin.Cancerletters.2013Jul1;334(2):284-92.

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Q. 铂金版ELISA试剂盒中有哪些组分?What do Platinum ELISA Kits contain?A、 试剂盒中包含ELISA实验用的所有组分,同时包含优化过的预包被酶标板。All reagents necessary to perform 1 or 10 plate ELISA assays, including optimized capture-antibody pre-coated plates.Q. 铂金版ELISA试剂盒适用于检测哪些样本类型?Which samples are 查看更多>
采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法。用抗猪EGF单抗包被于酶标板上,标准品和样品中的EGF与单抗结合,加入生物素化的抗猪EGF,形成免疫复合物连接在板上,辣根过氧化物酶标记的Streptavidin与生物素 查看更多>
兔 弓形虫 IgM 抗体 (TOX-IgM) Elisa试剂盒,兔 弓形虫 IgM 抗体 (TOX-IgM) Elisa试剂盒<br>广锐生物汇集Elisa试剂盒(种属标本:人、大鼠、小鼠、兔子、鸡、猪、牛、豚鼠、犬、马、猴、羊、各类植物等等)、标准品|对照品、抗体、培养基、试剂为一体的科研产品供应商,畅销国内各省市地区,拥有雄厚的实力、合理的价格和优良的技术服务,能够及时解决和满足客户的各方面的需求,<br>国家重点实验室及国内各大院校长期指定供应商电话:021-60723333 查看更多>
采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法。用抗小鼠VEGF单抗包被于酶标板上,标准品和样品中的VEGF与单抗结合,加入生物素化的抗小鼠VEGF,形成免疫复合物连接在板上,辣根过氧化物酶标记的Streptavidin与 查看更多>
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商品咨询
用作科学研究的,实验室使用的试剂,耗材等产品,去哪里找呢,如果去网上,去哪些论坛网上找呢,求告知
一般试剂盒的客户主要是高校,科研院,医院等等,樊克生物elisa试剂盒供应商
一般试剂盒不是都分人、小鼠、大鼠的吗,比如说ELISA双抗夹心试剂盒,如果检测人的抗原就要用人的试剂盒,我想问的是,这几种试剂盒本身区别在哪里,是包被的抗体与酶标抗体来源不同吗,也就是说人的试剂盒就要都用人的抗体?在临床上,不能用小鼠的单抗包被酶...
ELISA试剂盒都可以通过什么仪器使用?是所有的ELISA都可以通过酶标仪测试吗
1、看产品品种
首先要什么有什么的,你得好好考虑一下。
2、看生产地址
根本没有生产地址,我们知道做实验做产品需要很多的仪器、试剂、耗材,没有人相信一间简单的屋子可以生产各种样的试剂盒。
3、看产品包装
没有任何的生产地址、联系方式等信息,这种产品有问题了连个投诉的地方都没有。
4、看公司网站
有些打着国外原装旗号,整个公司网站为英文页面,实际注册IP地址在中国。如果写着国外的地址,让你国外的朋友实地去看一下!
5、做交叉验证
拿对方提供的几个种类的试剂盒,把里面的关键组份相互替换做做实验,如果交叉严重,只能说明是一种原料生产的试剂盒贴了不同的标签。
6、看价格
价格低得离谱,却打着进口大公司原料分装,核算成本,这种低得离谱的价格是连原料都买不起的。
ELISA就是我们常说的酶联法。
现在国内最差也是用3代试剂,有些地方会用4代试剂。
4代试剂(检查抗原+抗体)——窗口期为4周。因为抗原于3-4周达到复制的峰值,此时通过4代试剂检查,如果感染了HIV,抗原/抗体至少有一个为阳性,如果都是阴就排除了。
3代试剂(只查抗体)——窗口期为6周。
以上为理论分析+临床经验的结果,可以说是99.9%的准确度。

但是目前FDA、CDC和试剂生产商统一达成的共识,也就是针对普通人,最保守的窗口期是3个月。无论什么试剂,3个月都100%排除。
比如的试剂盒检测蛋白质的浓度范围是10--100nmol/ml,而你的三个样品浓度为100,200,和300.那么你检测到的数值是一样的,都是试剂盒检测的最大值100。
南京厚百。ELISA相关的,自己选:向左转|向右转
如果你是HRP的二抗,显色液A、B的成分一般是H2O2和TMB(或OPD),至于具体A是那一个B是那一个你要看说明书。HRP催化过氧化物H2O2,其反应式如下:D=TMB(或OPD)DH2+ H2O2= D+2H2O上式中,DH2为供氧体,H2O2为受氢体。在ELISA中,DH2一般为无色化合物,经酶作用后成为有色的产物,以便作比色测定。
ELISA的原理
ELISA的基础是抗原或抗体的固相化及抗原或抗体的酶标记。结合在固相载体表面的抗原或抗体仍保持其免疫学活性,酶标记的抗原或抗体既保留其免疫学活性,又保留酶的活性。在测定时,受检标本(测定其中的抗体或抗原)与固相载体表面的抗原或抗体起反应。用洗涤的方法使固相载体上形成的抗原抗体复合物与液体中的其他物质分开。再加入酶标记的抗原或抗体,也通过反应而结合在固相载体上。此时固相上的酶量与标本中受检物质的量呈一定的比例。加入酶反应的底物后,底物被酶催化成为有色产物,产物的量与标本中受检物质的量直接相关,故可根据呈色的深浅进行定性或定量分析。由于酶的催化效率很高,间接地放大了免疫反应的结果,使测定方法达到很高的敏感度。
ELISA试剂盒试验以灵敏度较高、特异性较好的特点在临床上得到了广泛的应用,但操作中的各个环节对试验的检测效果影响较大,如不注意,有可能导致显色不全、花板等结果。我将操作中各个环节常出现问题的原因及解决办法总结于下,以期给同行带来一些启发,提高试验质量。ELISA试剂盒试验操作中可能影响结果的原因及解决办法分析:1选择试剂选择质量优良的检测试剂,严格按照试剂说明书进行操作,操作前将试剂在室温下平衡30-60分钟。2加样可能原因:1)血清或血浆标本分离不好即进行加样;2)手工操作中,加样板过多造成加样后放入孵箱前等待时间过长(特别是室内温度较高时);3)加完标本再加酶试剂时酶溅出孔外。ELISA试剂盒解决办法:1)标本为血清:最好将血液先自然存放1-2小时后,再用3000rmp离心15分钟;标本为血浆:必须使用含抗凝剂的血液标本收集管,采血后必须立即颠倒采血管混合5-10次,放置一段时间后,3000rpm离心15分钟;若在几天内检测,可放在2-8℃冰箱中,若要贮存,则置于-20℃的低温冰箱内。2)加样后及时放入孵箱。3)加酶试剂后用吸水纸在酶标板表面轻拭吸干。4)如果采用AT或其他全自动加样,最好选择FAME或其他后处理仪器加酶试剂。5)标本较多时,请分批操作。3孵育可能原因:1)孵育时未贴封片或加盖,使标本或稀释液蒸发,吸附于孔壁,难于清洗彻底;2)孵育时间人为延长,导致非特异性结合紧附于反应孔周围,难以清洗彻底。