850356 | 4ME 16:0 PC
1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
4ME 16:0 PC
1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Lipids containing diphytanoyl fatty acid chains have been used to produce stable planar lipid membranes (see References). Diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine does not exhibit a detectable gel to liquid crystalline phase transition from -120°C to +120°C.
The list of Phosphatidylcholine products offered by Avanti is designed to provide compounds having a variety of physical properties. Products available include short chain (C3-C8 are water soluble and hygroscopic), saturated, multi-unsaturated and mixed acid PC"s. All of the products are purified by HPLC, and special precautions are taken to protect the products from oxidization and hydrolysis. Several of these products are manufactured under the current guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practice and are available for pharmaceutical use. If you have a requirement for a choline derivative not found on our list, please call us: custom synthesis is one of our specialties.
- ChemDraw File
- 3D Structure
- Structure
- Transition Temperature Of Diphytanoyl Pc
- Safety Data Sheet
- Safety Data Sheet
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PubMed ID: 31070654Puthumadathil N, Jayasree P, Santhosh Kumar K, Nampoothiri KM, Bajaj H, Mahendran KR. Detecting the structural assembly pathway of human antimicrobial peptide pores at single-channel level. Biomater Sci. 2019 Jun 5. doi: 10.1039/c9bm00181f. [Epub ahead of print]
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PubMed ID: 30820470Inada M, Kinoshita M, Sumino A, Oiki S, Matsumori N. A concise method for quantitative analysis of interactions between lipids and membrane proteins. Anal Chim Acta. 2019 Jun 20;1059:103-112. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.042. Epub 2019 Feb 1.
PubMed ID: 30876624Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G. FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter identify the mass of opposite-charge peptides with 44 dalton resolution. Nat Commun. 2019 Feb 19;10(1):835. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08761-6.
PubMed ID: 30783102Krishnan R S, Satheesan R, Puthumadathil N, Kumar KS, Jayasree P, Mahendran KR. Autonomously Assembled Synthetic Transmembrane Peptide Pore. J Am Chem Soc. 2019 Feb 20;141(7):2949-2959. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b09973. Epub 2019 Feb 12.
PubMed ID: 30702873Huang G, Voet A, Maglia G. FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter identify the mass of opposite-charge peptides with 44 dalton resolution. Nat Commun. 2019 Feb 19;10(1):835. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08761-6.
PubMed ID: 30783102Krishnan R S, Satheesan R, Puthumadathil N, Kumar KS, Jayasree P, Mahendran KR. Autonomously Assembled Synthetic Transmembrane Peptide Pore. J Am Chem Soc. 2019 Feb 20;141(7):2949-2959. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b09973. Epub 2019 Feb 12.
PubMed ID: 30702873Dugger ME, Baker CA. Automated formation of black lipid membranes within a microfluidic device via confocal fluorescence feedback-controlled hydrostatic pressure manipulations. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019 Jan 7. doi: 10.1007/s00216-018-1550-4. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed ID: 30617393Mohid SA, Ghorai A, Ilyas H, Mroue KH, Narayanan G, Sarkar A, Ray SK, Biswas K, Bera AK, Malmsten M, Midya A, Bhunia A. Application of tungsten disulfide quantum dot-conjugated antimicrobial peptides in bio-imaging and antimicrobial therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2019 Jan 8;176:360-370. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.020. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed ID: 30658284Bhamidimarri SP, Zahn M, Prajapati JD, Schleberger C, Söderholm S, Hoover J, West J, Kleinekathöfer U, Bumann D, Winterhalter M, van den Berg B. A Multidisciplinary Approach toward Identification of Antibiotic Scaffolds for Acinetobacter baumannii. Structure. 2019 Feb 5;27(2):268-280.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.021. Epub 2018 Dec 13.
PubMed ID: 30554842Golla VK, Sans-Serramitjana E, Pothula KR, Benier L, Bafna JA, Winterhalter M, Kleinekathöfer U. Fosfomycin Permeation through the Outer Membrane Porin OmpF. Biophys J. 2019 Jan 22;116(2):258-269. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.12.002. Epub 2018 Dec 8.
PubMed ID: 30616836Yang J, Wang Y, Li M, Ying YL, Long YT. Direct Sensing of Single Native RNA with a Single-Biomolecule Interface of Aerolysin Nanopore. Langmuir. 2018 Nov 21. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03264. [Epub ahead of print].
PubMed ID: 30462509Chengxiang Zhang, Weiyu Zhao , Cong Bian, Xucheng Hou, Binbin Deng, David W. McComb, Xiaofang Chen, and Yizhou Dong. Antibiotic-Derived Lipid Nanoparticles to Treat Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Appl. Bio Mater., Article ASAP
Challita EJ, Freeman EC. Hydrogel Microelectrodes for the Rapid, Reliable, and Repeatable Characterization of Lipid Membranes. Langmuir. 2018 Nov 23. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02867. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed ID: 30468580Patrick Urban, Stefanie D. Pritzl, David B. Konrad, James A. Frank, Carla Pernpeintner, Christian R. Roeske, Dirk Trauner, and Theobald Lohmueller. Light-Controlled Lipid Interaction and Membrane Organization in Photolipid Bilayer Vesicles. Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03241. Publication Date (Web): October 10, 2018
PubMed ID: 30346771Sacconi A, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Tiribilli B, Margheri G. A Comparative Study of Phosphatidylcholine versus Phosphatidylserine-based Solid Supported Membranes for the Preparation of Liposome-Rich Interfaces. Langmuir. 2018 Sep 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02397. [Epub ahead of print]
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PubMed ID: 5579131Transition Temperature Of Diphytanoyl Pc
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AvantiPolarLipids是美国著名的磷脂类产品的生产商，该公司主要为各种制药厂和研究机构提供从毫克级到公斤级乃至吨级的磷脂类和甾体类中间体和试剂。为世界范围内的研究机构和制药公司提供1000种以上脂类产品，由于其产品的高纯度而享誉全球。40年来，AvantiPolarLipids公司为世界各地的研究人员和制药公司提供脂类产品。公司的产品不仅范围日益扩大，其纯度之高也是无人能及。
AvantiPolarLipidsInc,是美国著名的磷脂类产品的生产商，该公司主要为各种制药厂和研究机构提供从毫克级到公斤级乃至百公斤级的磷脂类和甾体类中间体和试剂。主要产品Naturalsphingolipids天然鞘脂类Naturalphospholipids天然磷脂类Naturallipidsbyextraction天然提取脂类Referencestandards相关标准品Syntheticsphingolipids合成鞘脂类--Sphingosines&S-1-P鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇-1-磷酸盐--Ceramides神经酰胺--Sphingomyelins鞘磷脂--Sphingosine&ceramidederivatives鞘氨醇及神经酰胺衍生物--Sphinganine&derivatives鞘氨醇及其衍生物--C17sphingolipids十七碳鞘脂类--C20sphingolipids二十碳鞘脂类--Phytosphingosine&derivatives植物鞘氨醇及其衍生物Syntheticlipids&phospholipids合成脂质与磷脂--PC卵磷脂--PA磷脂酸--PE脑磷脂--PG磷脂酰甘油--PS磷脂酰丝氨酸--PI,PIP2&PIP3磷脂酰肌醇，磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸，磷脂酰-3,4,5-三磷酸--CA胆酸--LysoPC溶源性卵磷脂--LysoPA溶源性磷脂酸--LysoPAAnalogues溶源性磷脂酸类似物--Lysobio-PA溶源性双磷脂酸--LysoPE,PG&PS溶源性脑磷脂，磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酰丝氨酸--AlkylPC烷基卵磷脂--Diether&Diphytanoyletherlipids二醚与二植烷醚脂质--PAF血小板活化因子--AcylPAFAnalog酰化血小板活化因子类似物--Brominatedphosphocholines溴代胆碱磷酸--Alkylphosphatederivatives烷基磷酸盐衍生物--Plasmalogen缩醛磷脂--Functionalizedlipids功能性脂类--Biotinylatedlipids生物素酰化脂质--Bioactivelipids生物活性脂类Syntheticphospholipids合成磷酸--AcylcoenzymeA乙酰辅酶A--Metabolicintermediates代谢中间产物--Adhesivelipid粘合脂质--pHsensitivelipids酸度计用脂质Transfectionreagents转染试剂Sterolderivatives甾酮衍生物Lipidblends混合脂质Glycosylatedphospholipids糖化磷脂Fluorinatedphospholipids氟化磷脂Chelators螯合剂Pre-mixedlipidsforbicelleformation构型分析用预混合脂质Diacylglycerols&analogues甘油二酯与类似物Deuteriumlabeledlipids氘标记脂质C13PC碳-13标记卵磷脂DoxylPC自旋标记卵磷脂TempoPCTempo（4-氧-4-羟-四甲基呱啶氮氧自由基）标记卵磷脂Fluoresecentsphingolipids荧光标记鞘脂类--Omegalabeled欧米加标记物--Fattyacidlabeled脂肪酸标记物Fluoresecentcholesterol荧光标记胆固醇Fluoresecentphospholipids荧光标记磷脂--Fattyacidlabeled脂肪酸标记物--Headgrouplabeled首基标记物Polymerizablelipids聚合脂质Poly（Ethyleneglycol）-lipidconjugates共轭聚脂质FunctionalizedPEGlipids功能PEG脂质Analyticalservices分析服务Drugdeliveryproduct药物运送载体Bulklipidsforpharmaceuticalproduction工业级脂质Equipment设备
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合成部位：肝、脂肪组织、小肠，其中肝的合成能力最强。
合成原料：甘油、脂肪酸
1、甘油一酯途径（小肠粘膜细胞）
脂酰CoA转移酶脂酰CoA转移酶
2-甘油一酯＋脂酰CoA———————→1,2-甘油二酯＋脂酰CoA————————→甘油三酯 2、甘油二酯途径（肝细胞及脂肪细胞）
脂酰CoA转移酶脂酰CoA转移酶
葡萄糖→3-磷酸甘油＋脂酰CoA——————→1脂酰-3-磷酸甘油＋脂酰CoA———————→
磷脂酸磷酸酶 脂酰CoA转移酶
磷脂酸——————→1,2甘油二酯＋脂酰CoA——————→甘油三酯
二、甘油三酯的分解代谢
1、脂肪的动员 储存在脂肪细胞中的脂肪被脂肪酶逐步水解为游离脂肪酸（FFA）及甘油并释放入血以供其它组织氧化利用的过程。
激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶
甘油三酯————————————→甘油二酯＋FFA→甘油一酯＋FFA→甘油＋FFA→α-磷酸甘油→磷酸二羟丙酮→糖酵解或糖异生途径
2、脂肪酸的β-氧化
1）脂肪酸活化（胞液中）
脂酰CoA合成酶
脂酸＋ATP———————→脂酰CoA（含高能硫酯键）＋AMP
2）脂酰CoA进入线粒体
3）脂肪酸β-氧化
脂酰CoA进入线粒体基质后，进行脱氢、加水、再脱氢及硫解等四步连续反应，生成1分子比原来少2个碳原子的脂酰CoA、1分子乙酰CoA、1分子FADH2和1分子NADH。以上生成的比原来少2个碳原子的脂酰CoA，可再进行脱氢、加水、再脱氢及硫解反应。如此反复进行，以至彻底。4）能量生成
以软脂酸为例，共进行7次β-氧化，生成7分子FADH2、7分子NADH及8分子乙酰CoA，即共生成(7*2)+(7*3)+(8*12)-2=129
5）过氧化酶体脂酸氧化 主要是使不能进入线粒体的廿碳，廿二碳脂酸先氧化成较短链脂酸，以便进入线粒体内分解氧化，对较短链脂酸无效。
三、酮体的生成和利用
组织特点：肝内生成肝外用。
合成部位：肝细胞的线粒体中。
酮体组成：乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、丙酮。
1、生成
（代谢流程~~~~）
2、利用
丙酮可随尿排出体外，部分丙酮可在一系列酶作用下转变为丙酮酸或乳酸，进而异生成糖。在血中酮体剧烈升高时，从肺直接呼出。
四、脂酸的合成代谢
1、 软脂酸的合成
合成部位：线粒体外胞液中，肝是体体合成脂酸的主要场所。
合成原料：乙酰CoA、ATP、NADPH、HCO3-、Mn++等。
合成过程：
1）线粒体内的乙酰CoA不能自由透过线粒体内膜，主要通过柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环转移至胞液中。
2）乙酰CoA羧化酶
乙酰CoA———————→丙二酰CoA
3）丙二酰CoA通过酰基转移、缩合、还原、脱水、再还原等步骤，碳原子由2增加至4个。经过7次循环，生成16个碳原子的软脂酸。更长碳链的脂酸则是对软脂酸的加工，使其碳链延长。在内质网脂酸碳链延长酶体系的作用下，一般可将脂酸碳链延长至二十四碳，以十八碳的硬脂酸最多；在线粒体脂酸延长酶体系的催化下，一般可延长脂酸碳链至24或26个碳原子，而以硬脂酸最多。
2、不饱和脂酸的合成
人体含有的不饱和脂酸主要有软油酸、油酸、亚油酸，亚麻酸及花生四烯酸等，前两种单不饱和脂酸可由人体自身合成，而后三种多不饱和脂酸，必须从食物摄取。
五、前列腺素及其衍生物的生成
六、甘油磷脂的合成与代谢
1、 合成
除需ATP外，还需CTP参加。CTP在磷脂合成中特别重要，它为合成CDP-乙醇胺、CDP-胆碱及CDP-甘油二酯等活化中间物所必需。
1）甘油二酯途径
（代谢流程~~）
2）CDP-甘油二酯途径
（代谢流程~~~）
2、降解
生物体内存在能使甘油磷脂水解的多种磷脂酶类，根据其作用的键的特异性不同，分为磷脂酶A1和A2，磷脂酶B，磷脂酶C和磷脂酶D。
磷脂酶A2特异地催化磷酸甘油酯中2位上的酯键水解，生成多不饱和脂肪酸和溶血磷脂。后者在磷脂酶B作用，生成脂肪酸及甘油磷酸胆碱或甘油磷酸乙醇胺，再经甘油酸胆碱水解酶分解为甘油及磷酸胆碱。磷脂酶A1催化磷酸甘油酯1位上的酯键水解，产物是脂肪酸和溶血磷脂。
七、胆固醇代谢
1、 合成
合成部位：肝是主要场所，合成酶系存在于胞液及光面内质网中。
合成原料：乙酰CoA(经柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环由线粒体转移至胞液中)、ATP、NADPH等。
合成过程：
1） 甲羟戊酸的合成（胞液中）
HMGCoA还原酶
2×乙酰CoA→乙酰乙酰CoA→HMGCoA＋NADPH———————→甲羟戊酸
2） 鲨烯的合成（胞液中）
3）胆固醇的合成（滑面内质网膜上）
合成调节：
1）饥饿与饱食 饥饿可抑制肝合成胆固醇，相反，摄取高糖、高饱和脂肪膳食后，肝HMGCoA还原酶活性增加，胆固醇合成增加。
2） 胆固醇 胆固醇可反馈抑制肝胆固醇的合成。主要抑制HMGCoA还原酶活性。
3）激素 胰岛素及甲状腺素能诱导肝HMGCoA还原酶的合成，增加胆固醇的合成。胰
高血糖素及皮质醇则能抑制并降低HMGCoA还原酶的活性，因而减少胆固醇的合成；甲状腺素除能促进合成外，又促进胆固醇在肝转变为胆汁酸，且后一作用较强，因而甲亢时患者血清胆固醇含量反而下降。
2、 转化
1）胆固醇在肝中转化成胆汁酸是胆固醇在体内代谢的主要去路，基本步骤为：
（代谢流程~~~）
2）转化为类固醇激素 胆固醇是肾上腺皮质、睾丸，卵巢等内分泌腺合成及分泌类固醇激素的原料，如睾丸酮、皮质醇、雄激素、雌二醇及孕酮等。
3）转化为7-脱氢胆固醇 在皮肤，胆固醇可氧化为7-脱氢胆固醇，后者经紫外光照射转变为维生素D。
3、胆固醇酯的合成
细胞内游离胆固醇在脂酰胆固醇脂酰转移酶（ACAT）的催化下，生成胆固醇酯；
血浆中游离胆固醇在卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰转移酶（LCAT）的催化下，生成胆固醇酯和溶血卵磷酯。
八、血浆脂蛋白
1、分类
1）电泳法：α、前β、β及乳糜微粒
2）超速离心法：乳糜微粒(含脂最多)，极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)，分别相当于电泳分离的CM、前β-脂蛋白、β-脂蛋白及α-脂蛋白等四类。
2、组成
血浆脂蛋白主要由蛋白质、甘油三酯、磷脂、胆固醇及其酯组成。乳糜微粒含甘油三酯最多，蛋白质最少，故密度最小；VLDL含甘油三酯亦多，但其蛋白质含量高于CM；LDL含胆固醇及胆固醇酯最多；含蛋白质最多，故密度最高。
血浆脂蛋白中的蛋白质部分，基本功能是运载脂类，称载脂蛋白。HDL的载脂蛋白主要为apoA，LDL的载脂蛋白主要为apoB100，VLDL的载脂蛋白主要为apoB、apoC，CM的载脂蛋白主要为apoC。
3、生理功用及代谢
1）CM 运输外源性甘油三酯及胆固醇的主要形式。成熟的CM含有apoCⅡ，可激活脂蛋白脂肪酶（LPL），LPL可使CM中的甘油三酯及磷脂逐步水解，产生甘油、脂酸及溶血磷脂等，同时其表面的载脂蛋白连同表面的磷脂及胆固醇离开CM，逐步变小，最后转变成为CM残粒。
2）VLDL 运输内源性甘油三酯的主要形式。VLDL的甘油三酯在LPL作用下，逐步水解，同时其表面的apoC、磷脂及胆固醇向HDL转移，而HDL的胆固醇酯又转移到VLDL。最后只剩下胆固醇酯，转变为LDL。
3）LDL 转运肝合成的内源性胆固醇的主要形式。肝是降解LDL的主要器官。apoB100水解为氨基酸，其中的胆固醇酯被胆固醇酯酶水解为游离胆固醇及脂酸。游离胆固醇在调节细胞胆固醇代谢上具有重要作用：①抑制内质网HMGCoA还原酶；②在转录水平上阴抑细胞LDL受体蛋白质的合成，减少对LDL的摄取；③激活ACAT的活性，使游离胆固醇酯化成胆固醇酯在胞液中储存。
4）HDL 逆向转运胆固醇。HDL表面的apoⅠ是LCAT的激活剂，LCAT可催化HDL生成溶血卵磷脂及胆固醇酯。
脂类，由脂肪酸和醇作用生成的酯及其衍生物统称为脂类，这是一类一般不溶于水而溶于脂溶性溶剂的化合物。
脂肪：存在于人体和动物的皮下组织及植物体中，是生物体的组成部分和储能物质。
脂类所指代的一类物质较脂肪更广。而酯类则是从化学角度来看物质世界，有不少是化工原料。有些酯类是脂肪的构成成分。
如上所述，脂类包括脂肪酸（多是4碳以上的长链一元羧酸）和醇（包括甘油醇、硝氨醇、高级一元醇和固醇）等所组成的酯类及其衍生物。包括单纯脂类、复合酯类及衍生脂质。
脂肪是指人体或动物体内的、由一分子甘油和三分子脂肪酸结合而成的甘油三酯。
酯类是指酸（羧酸或无机含氧酸）与醇起反应生成的一类有机化合物。低分子量酯是无色、易挥发的芳香液体，如：如乙酸乙酯CH3COOC2H5、乙酸苯酯CH3COOC6H5、苯甲酸甲酯C6H5COOCH3等；高级饱和脂肪酸单酯常为无色无味的固体，高级脂肪酸与高级脂肪醇形成的酯为蜡状固体。所以，酯类与脂类不可替代使用。
有些是类固醇化合物（甾体激素），有些事脂肪酸衍生物
类固醇激素例如：肾上腺皮质激素、性激素等。
脂肪酸衍生物例如：前列腺素等。
2、脂类是油、脂肪、类脂的总称.食物中的油脂主要是油和脂肪,一般把常温下是液体的称作油,而把常温下是固体的称作脂肪.
3、脂肪是由甘油和脂肪酸组成的三酰甘油酯,其中甘油的分子比较简单,而脂肪酸的种类和长短却不相同.因此脂肪的性质和特点主要取决于脂肪酸,不同食物中的脂肪所含有的脂肪酸种类和含量不一样.自然界有40多种脂肪酸,因此可形成多种脂肪酸甘油三酯.脂肪酸一般由4个到24个碳原子组成.
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